Granjas Carroll de México

Information received on 31/08/2009 from Dr Ternicier Claudio, Jefe División Protección Pecuaria, Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Ministerio de Agricultura , Santiago , Chile

Summary

Report type	Follow-up report No. 1
Start date	23/07/2009
Date of first confirmation of the event	20/08/2009
Report date	31/08/2009
Date submitted to OIE	31/08/2009
Date event resolved	23/10/2009
Reason for notification	Emerging disease
Morbidity	61.4 %
Mortality	0 %
Zoonotic impact	No
Causal agent	Influenza A virus
Related reports	Immediate notification (21/08/2009) Follow-up report No. 1 (31/08/2009) Follow-up report No. 2 (26/10/2009)
Outbreaks	There are no new outbreaks in this report

Epidemiology

Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection

Unknown or inconclusive

Epidemiological comments

To date, serological surveillance carried out in 100% of the remaining farms of the same company was negative. Data on mortality and production in these farms are normal. In the rest of the country, the results of the routine surveillance programme for avian influenza in poultry were negative. The samples taken from wild birds near the outbreaks were negative for influenza. In two breeding turkey flocks, the laying has returned to normal; there are still four flocks which should recover their normal laying rates. A biosecurity programme has been established in order to contain the infection in the infected flocks and to prevent it on the farms of the company that remain negative. Moreover, a plan to eradicate the virus in the affected farms has been established and it includes sending the birds to slaughter at the end of their production period and once the absence of viral excretion is established on serial samples taken through a rapid test and verifying it by RRT-PCR for the matrix. Tracing back of the movements of people towards and between farms is ongoing. During the week before laying began dropping the peak of human cases of influenza A H1N1 was recorded in the area where poultry farms are located (epidemiological week 28). Regarding the laboratory tests: - The affected premises have been systematically monitored through serological tests with negative results until 28 July this year. - On 16 August influenza A was detected by RRT-PCR for the matrix gene, according to the protocol described by Spackman (NVSL/USDA), on samples from tracheal and cloacae swabs, negative for H5 and H7 by RRT-PCR. Subtyping by serology (HI, NI) confirmed the detection of an influenza virus type A H1N1. - The RNA of this virus of the influenza A H1N1 was sent to the Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP), Ministry of Health, with a positive result for influenza A H1N1, by real-time RRT-PCR, according to CDC protocol. The RRT-PCR for seasonal influenza H1 and H3 was negative. - The ISP determined the complete genome sequence of the 8 genes (HA, NA, PA, PB, PB2, NP, NS and M) of the H1N1 influenza virus found in turkeys, comparing the similarity percentage with the A/California/4/2009 strain and the H1N1 influenza from Chile: for the HA gene, 99.5% and 100%; for NA, 99.5% and 99.7%; for PB1, 99.8% and 99.9%; for PB2, 99.8% and 99.8%; for PA, 99.7% and 99.9%; for NP, 99.5% and 99.7%; for NS, 99.8% and 99.8%; for M, 99.8% and 99.7%. The ISP concludes that the influenza virus A (H1N1) from turkeys corresponds to the same viral variant of the virus A (H1N1) 2009 which has been circulating this winter in our country (access number Gene Bank GQ 200279 to GQ 200286). - The National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL), United States, indicates positive results through real time RT-PCR for novel N1 (SEPRL, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Georgia, USA), for NI (NVSL/WI), for H1 (CDC) and a homology of the HA gene 99.6% similar to CA/14/2009, 99.7% similar to MX/4108/2009 and 100% similar to NY/18/2009. The neuraminidase gene shows a homology of 99.6% to MX/4108/2009, CA/4/2009, AZ/02/2009 and KS/02/2009.

Control measures

Measures applied	Quarantine Screening Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) Vaccination prohibited No treatment of affected animals
Measures to be applied	No other measures

Diagnostic test results

Laboratory name and type	Public Health Institute (National laboratory)
Tests and results	Species Test Test date Result Birds real-time reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) 20/08/2009 Positive Birds virus sequencing 28/08/2009 Positive
Laboratory name and type	Quarantine Stations and Laboratories Department, SAG (National laboratory)
Tests and results	Species Test Test date Result Birds real-time reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) 16/08/2009 Positive
Laboratory name and type	National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL), United States (OIE’s Reference Laboratory)
Tests and results	Species Test Test date Result Birds gene sequencing 27/08/2009 Positive Birds real-time reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) 27/08/2009 Positive

Future Reporting

The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.

Information received on 09/10/2009 from Dr Jorge Nestor Amaya, Presidente, Presidencia, SENASA, BUENOS AIRES, Argentina

Summary

Report type	Follow-up report No. 4 (Final report)
Start date	15/06/2009
Date of first confirmation of the event	24/06/2009
Report date	09/10/2009
Date submitted to OIE	09/10/2009
Date event resolved	05/10/2009
Reason for notification	Emerging disease
Morbidity	15 %
Mortality	0 %
Zoonotic impact	An investigation is on-going since it is suggested that the origin is the contact with sick humans.
Causal agent	A/H1N1 influenza virus
Related reports	Immediate notification (25/06/2009) Follow-up report No. 1 (01/07/2009) Follow-up report No. 2 (08/07/2009) Follow-up report No. 3 (24/07/2009) Follow-up report No. 4 (09/10/2009)
Outbreaks	There are no new outbreaks in this report

Epidemiology

Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection

Unknown or inconclusive

Epidemiological comments

Swab samples were taken from 52 piglets in the outbreak 1 at San Andrés de Giles (50 nasal and 2 bronchial) and from 60 piglets in the outbreak 2 at Cañuelas (nasal); they were 10-12 weeks old and were born after the detection of the last sick animal (sentinel animals). All samples were negative for the specific sequence of influenza A by real-time RRT-PCR. Human cases of influenza A H1N1 were confirmed by laboratory tests in both holdings; they showed clinical signs prior to the detection of cases in pigs.

Control measures

Measures applied	Quarantine Screening Zoning Disinfection of infected premises/establishment(s) No vaccination No treatment of affected animals
Measures to be applied	No other measures

Diagnostic test results

Laboratory name and type	Directorate of Laboratories and Technical Control (SENASA) (National laboratory)
Tests and results	Species Test Test date Result Swine real-time reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) 03/09/2009 Negative Swine real-time reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) 02/10/2009 Negative

Future Reporting

The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – update 73

Weekly update

As of 1 November 2009, worldwide more than 199 countries and overseas territories/communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including over 6000 deaths.

As many countries have stopped counting individual cases, particularly of milder illness, the case count is likely to be significantly lower than the actual number of cases that have occurred. WHO is actively monitoring the progress of the pandemic through frequent consultations with the WHO Regional Offices and member states and through monitoring of multiple sources of data.

Situation update:

Intense and persistent influenza transmission continues to be reported in North America without evidence of a peak in activity. The proportion of sentinel physician visits due to influenza-like-illness (ILI)(8%) has exceeded levels seen over the past 6 influenza seasons; 42% of respiratory samples tested were positive for influenza and 100% of subtyped influenza A viruses were pandemic H1N1 2009. Rates of ILI, proportions of respiratory samples testing positive for influenza, and numbers of outbreaks in educational settings continues to increase sharply in Canada as activity spreads eastward. Significantly more cases of pandemic H1N1 have been recorded in Mexico since September than were observed during the initial springtime epidemic.

In Europe and Central and Western Asia, pandemic influenza activity continues to increase across many countries, signalling an unusually early start to the winter influenza season. Active circulation of virus marked by high proportions of sentinel respiratory samples testing positive for influenza has been reported in Belgium (69%), Ireland (55%), Netherlands (51%), Norway (66%), Spain (46%), Sweden (33%), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland:81%), and Germany (27%). In addition, there is evidence of increasing and active transmission of pandemic influenza virus across Northern and Eastern Europe (including Ukraine and Belarus), and eastern Russia. For details on the situation in Ukraine please refer to the Disease Outbreak News update below. In Western Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean Region, increasing activity has been reported in Oman and Afghanistan.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Ukraine – update 1

In East Asia, intense and increasing influenza activity continues to be reported in Mongolia. In China, after an earlier wave of mixed influenza activity (seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1), pandemic H1N1 influenza activity now predominates and is increasing. Sharp increases in pandemic influenza activity continue to be reported throughout Japan with highest rates of illness being reported on the northern island.

Active influenza transmission and increasing levels of respiratory diseases continues to be reported in parts of the Caribbean, including in Cuba, Haiti, and other Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC) countries. Most other countries in the tropical region of Central and South America continue to report declining influenza activity. With the exception of Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia, overall transmission continues to decline in most but not all parts of tropical South and Southeast Asia. Influenza virus isolates from sub-Saharan Africa are predominantly pandemic H1N1 virus but some seasonal H3N2 has been detected even in recent weeks. Unconfirmed media reports from the area indicate that disease activity has increased in recent weeks.

Since the new pandemic H1N1 2009 virus emerged, infections in different species of susceptible animals (pig, turkey, ferret, and cat) have been reported. Limited evidence suggests that these infections occurred following direct transmission of the virus from infected humans. These isolated events have had no impact on the dynamics of the pandemic, which is spreading readily via human-to-human transmission. As human infections become increasingly widespread, transmission of the virus from humans to other animals is likely to occur with greater frequency. Unless the epidemiology of the pandemic changes, these will continue to pose no special risks to human health.

Weekly update (Virological surveillance data)

*Countries in temperate regions are defined as those north of the Tropic of Cancer or south of the Tropic of Capricorn, while countries in tropical regions are defined as those between these two latitudes.

Qualitative indicators (Week 29 to Week 43: 13 July – 25 October 2009)

The qualitative indicators monitor: the global geographic spread of influenza, trends in acute respiratory diseases, the intensity of respiratory disease activity, and the impact of the pandemic on health-care services.

Human infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus: updated interim WHO guidance on global surveillance
A description of WHO pandemic monitoring and surveillance objectives and methods can be found in the updated interim WHO guidance for the surveillance of human infection with pandemic (H1N1) virus.

The maps below display information on the qualitative indicators reported. Information is available for approximately 60 countries each week. Implementation of this monitoring system is ongoing and completeness of reporting is expected to increase over time.

List of definitions of qualitative indicators

Geographic spread of influenza activity

Map timeline

Trend of respiratory diseases activity compared to the previous week

Map timeline

Intensity of acute respiratory diseases in the population

Map timeline

Impact on health care services

Map timeline

Laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 as officially reported to WHO by States Parties to the IHR (2005) as of 1 November 2009

Map of affected countries and deaths

The countries and overseas territories/communities that have newly reported their first pandemic (H1N1) 2009 confirmed cases since the last web update (No.72): Congo.

The countries and overseas territories/communities that have newly reported their first deaths among pandemic (H1N1) 2009 confirmed cases since the last web update (No 72): Afghanistan, Croatia, Mongolia, Tanzania and Ukraine.

Region	Cumulative total
	as of 1 November 2009
	Cases*	Deaths
WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO)	14109	76
WHO Regional Office for the Americas (AMRO)	185067	4399
WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO)	22689	137
WHO Regional Office for Europe (EURO)	Over 78000	At least 300
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO)	44147	661
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific (WPRO)	138288	498
Total	Over 482300	At least 6071

*Given that countries are no longer required to test and report individual cases, the number of cases reported actually understates the real number of cases.